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Revista Paulista de Pediatria : Orgao... 2013To review possible peculiarities in biological mechanisms related to responses of thermoregulatory and specific sweat glands in exercise performed by children in hot... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review possible peculiarities in biological mechanisms related to responses of thermoregulatory and specific sweat glands in exercise performed by children in hot environments.
DATA SOURCES
Review of 47 articles published between 1960 and 2011 in the electronic databases MedLine and SciELO Brazil using the following key-words: 'children', 'heat', 'sweating', 'thermoregulation', 'sweat gland', and 'exercise', alone or in combination, in addition to a doctoral thesis about the subject.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Pre-pubertal sweat rate during exercise is lower than among adults. Children have different thermoregulatory characteristics, with a small sweat output rate due to small sweat glands. High ratio between surface and body mass increases the absorption of heat during exercise under thermal stress in children, raising the risk of hyperthermia symptoms. However, great blood flow to skin contributes to the better control of thermal homeostasis in children. Small size of the gland, low cholinergic sensibility, low levels of circulating catecholamines during stress, and lack of androgenic hormone explain the occurrence of low elimination of sweat in exercises performed by children.
CONCLUSIONS
Children present immature sweat glands. Thus, physical activity combined with high temperatures is not well-tolerated by children and youngsters, with great vulnerability to thermal injury. In the heat, strict control of fluid intake and attentive monitoring of weather conditions should have especial attention for the safe practice of exercises.
Topics: Body Temperature Regulation; Child; Exercise; Homeostasis; Hot Temperature; Humans; Sweat Glands
PubMed: 23703052
DOI: 10.1590/s0103-05822013000100017 -
Journal of Cystic Fibrosis : Official... May 2021We present novel data concerning the time-course of adaptations and potential benefits of heat acclimation for people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF), who are at greater...
We present novel data concerning the time-course of adaptations and potential benefits of heat acclimation for people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF), who are at greater risk of exertional heat illness. A 25-year-old male (genotype: delta-F508 and RH117, forced expiratory volume in 1-second: 77% predicted and baseline sweat [Na]: 70 mmol·L ), who had previously experienced muscle cramping during exercise in ambient heat, underwent 10-sessions of heat acclimation (90-min at 40°C and in 40% relative humidity). Adaptations included; lower resting core temperature (-0.40°C) and heart rate (-6 beats·min), plasma volume expansion (+6.0%) and, importantly, increased sweat loss (+370 mL) and sweat gland activity (+12 glands·cm) with decreased sweat [Na] (-18 mmol·L ). Adaptations were maintained for at least 7-days, with no evidence of cramping during follow-up exercise-heat stress testing. These data suggest pwCF may benefit from heat acclimation to induce sudomotor function improvements, particularly reductions in sweat [Na], however, further research is required.
Topics: Acclimatization; Adult; Cystic Fibrosis; Hot Temperature; Humans; Male; Sodium; Sweat Glands
PubMed: 32758394
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.07.013 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2014Sweat gland epithelial cells (SGECs) have been identified as essential for the regeneration of sweat glands and for the construction of skin substitutes containing skin...
Sweat gland epithelial cells (SGECs) have been identified as essential for the regeneration of sweat glands and for the construction of skin substitutes containing skin appendages. Consequently, the isolation, culture and phenotypic characterization of SGECs are of paramount importance. In the present study study, human sweat glands were isolated by pipetting under a phase contrast microscope following digestion with collagenase type I. Subsequently, a microscopic organ culture technique was used for the primary culture of human SGECs, and the culture conditions were modified in order to achieve optimal cell growth status. Primary SGECs were identified based on their expression of markers specific for sweat glands, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CK7, CK8, CK14, CK15, CK18 and CK19. We explored the possible presence of stem cells in human sweat glands by detecting their expression of leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5). Primary SGECs achieved a good growth state when cultured under serum-free conditions. After one passage, the cells cultured in keratinocyte serum-free medium with 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS) still showed a prominent proliferative activity. Phenotypic analysis by immunofluorescence microscopy, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and western blot analysis demonstrated the expression of sweat gland-specific markers, including CEA, CK7, CK8, CK14, CK15, CK18 and CK19. In addition, RT-PCR and immunochemistry detected the expression of LGR5. In comparison with traditional serum-containing conditions, serum-free culture provides the preferred culture conditions for human SGECs. LGR5 is a novel marker that identifies human sweat gland-derived stem cells.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biomarkers; Blotting, Western; Cell Separation; Cells, Cultured; Epithelial Cells; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Phenotype; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Staining and Labeling; Sweat Glands; Young Adult
PubMed: 25187692
DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1851 -
Journal of Human Evolution Dec 2018Humans differ in many respects from other primates, but perhaps no derived human feature is more striking than our naked skin. Long purported to be adaptive, humans'...
Humans differ in many respects from other primates, but perhaps no derived human feature is more striking than our naked skin. Long purported to be adaptive, humans' unique external appearance is characterized by changes in both the patterning of hair follicles and eccrine sweat glands, producing decreased hair cover and increased sweat gland density. Despite the conspicuousness of these features and their potential evolutionary importance, there is a lack of clarity regarding how they evolved within the primate lineage. We thus collected and quantified the density of hair follicles and eccrine sweat glands from five regions of the skin in three species of primates: macaque, chimpanzee and human. Although human hair cover is greatly attenuated relative to that of our close relatives, we find that humans have a chimpanzee-like hair density that is significantly lower than that of macaques. In contrast, eccrine gland density is on average 10-fold higher in humans compared to chimpanzees and macaques, whose density is strikingly similar. Our findings suggest that a decrease in hair density in the ancestors of humans and apes was followed by an increase in eccrine gland density and a reduction in fur cover in humans. This work answers long-standing questions about the traits that make human skin unique and substantiates a model in which the evolution of expanded eccrine gland density was exclusive to the human lineage.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Eccrine Glands; Hair Follicle; Humans; Macaca mulatta; Pan troglodytes
PubMed: 30502901
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.10.008 -
Actas Dermo-sifiliograficas Jun 2017Axillary hyperhidrosis (AH) and bromhidrosis are common causes of consultation in dermatology. Currently, the most widely prescribed treatment for AH is botulinum toxin,... (Review)
Review
Axillary hyperhidrosis (AH) and bromhidrosis are common causes of consultation in dermatology. Currently, the most widely prescribed treatment for AH is botulinum toxin, a very effective but temporary option; it is totally ineffective in bromhidrosis. Sympathectomy is an increasingly infrequent choice of treatment due to the high incidence of compensatory hyperhidrosis. We describe the treatment of AH and bromhidrosis with a novel microwave device that can fibrose eccrine and apocrine glands, achieving possibly permanent results. The procedure should preferably be performed under tumescent anesthesia. Side effects, principally local inflammation, are transient. Clinical effectiveness and safety, supported by recently published studies, position this technique as a first-choice option both for hyperhidrosis and for bromhidrosis.
Topics: Anesthesia, Local; Diathermy; Fibrosis; Humans; Hyperhidrosis; Microwaves; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Odorants; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Retrospective Studies; Sweat Glands; Sweating; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 28284421
DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2016.12.011 -
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics : MCP Jul 2019The eccrine sweat gland is an exocrine gland that is involved in the secretion of sweat for control of temperature. Malfunction of the sweat glands can result in...
The eccrine sweat gland is an exocrine gland that is involved in the secretion of sweat for control of temperature. Malfunction of the sweat glands can result in disorders such as miliaria, hyperhidrosis and bromhidrosis. Understanding the transcriptome and proteome of sweat glands is important for understanding their physiology and role in diseases. However, no systematic transcriptome or proteome analysis of sweat glands has yet been reported. Here, we isolated eccrine sweat glands from human skin by microdissection and performed RNA-seq and proteome analysis. In total, ∼138,000 transcripts and ∼6,100 proteins were identified. Comparison of the RNA-seq data of eccrine sweat glands to other human tissues revealed the closest resemblance to the cortex region of kidneys. The proteome data showed enrichment of proteins involved in secretion, reabsorption, and wound healing. Importantly, protein level identification of the calcium ion channel TRPV4 suggests the importance of eccrine sweat glands in re-epithelialization of wounds and prevention of dehydration. We also identified 2 previously missing proteins from our analysis. Using a proteogenomic approach, we identified 7 peptides from 5 novel genes, which we validated using synthetic peptides. Most of the novel proteins were from short open reading frames (sORFs) suggesting that many sORFs still remain to be annotated in the human genome. This study presents the first integrated analysis of the transcriptome and proteome of the human eccrine sweat gland and would become a valuable resource for studying sweat glands in physiology and disease.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Eccrine Glands; Exons; Humans; Open Reading Frames; Proteome; Proteomics; Pseudogenes; RNA; Transcriptome
PubMed: 30979791
DOI: 10.1074/mcp.RA118.001101 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Scholar... Jan 2010Human body temperature is regulated within a very narrow range. When exposed to hyperthermic conditions, via environmental factors and/or increased metabolism, heat... (Review)
Review
Human body temperature is regulated within a very narrow range. When exposed to hyperthermic conditions, via environmental factors and/or increased metabolism, heat dissipation becomes vital for survival. In humans, the primary mechanism of heat dissipation, particularly when ambient temperature is higher than skin temperature, is evaporative heat loss secondary to sweat secretion from eccrine glands. While the primary controller of sweating is the integration between internal and skin temperatures, a number of non-thermal factors modulate the sweating response. In addition to summarizing the current understanding of the neural pathways from the brain to the sweat gland, as well as responses at the sweat gland, this review will highlight findings pertaining to studies of proposed non-thermal modifiers of sweating, namely, exercise, baroreceptor loading state, and body fluid status. Information from these studies not only provides important insight pertaining to the basic mechanisms of sweating, but also perhaps could be useful towards a greater understanding of potential mechanisms and consequences of disease states as well as aging in altering sweating responses and thus temperature regulation.
Topics: Body Fluids; Eccrine Glands; Exercise; Humans; Hypothalamus; Neural Pathways; Osmolar Concentration; Pressoreceptors; Sweating
PubMed: 20036977
DOI: 10.2741/s94 -
Biomedica : Revista Del Instituto... Sep 2021Primary apocrine carcinoma of the sweat gland is a neoplasm with a very low incidence that may represent a clinical and histological diagnostic challenge, as well as for...
Primary apocrine carcinoma of the sweat gland is a neoplasm with a very low incidence that may represent a clinical and histological diagnostic challenge, as well as for adequate local, adjuvant, and advanced disease management. The average age of patients is around 67 years with no gender preference. This cancer develops primarily at the axillary and scalp levels and is clinically characterized by slow growth, but can progress aggressively with local, nodal, and metastatic involvement (primarily lung, liver, and bone). The recommended management, once the histology is established, consists of a wide local resection with a clear margin of 1 to 2 cm and regional lymphadenectomy if clinically positive nodes are detected. The adjuvant treatment (radiotherapy or chemotherapy) and for the advanced disease is not established. We report here the cases of two female patients initially diagnosed with breast cancer who were finally diagnosed with apocrine carcinoma of the sweat gland.
Topics: Aged; Apocrine Glands; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Female; Humans; Sweat Gland Neoplasms; Sweat Glands
PubMed: 34559489
DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5758 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2020This preliminarily study was made to examine the differences in sweat excretions from human eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in dynamic exercise and heat conditions....
This preliminarily study was made to examine the differences in sweat excretions from human eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in dynamic exercise and heat conditions. Sweat samples were collected from six young males while they were either running on a treadmill or sitting in a sauna cabinet. Sweat samples of at least 5 mL from the eccrine (upperback) and apocrine (armpit) sweat glands were collected during a 20min running (or inactive overheating) period. The samples were then analyzed for urea, uric acid, and electrolyte (Na, Cl, and K) excretions. The results from a twoway repeatedmeasures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the secretions of urea and K were significantly higher during running than during inactive overheating for both glands, as were Na secretions for the apocrine glands (all P < 0.05). Under the same sweating conditions, urea and K excretions from the apocrine glands were also higher than those from the eccrine glands (all P < 0.05). Significant differences were observed between the Na secretions of the apocrine and eccrine glands under the running condition. The effects of various sweating methods and sweat glands on Cl secretions were nonsignificant, and little uric acid was excreted. A higher urea excretion level during running rather than in hot conditions could be attributed to an elevated metabolic rate.
Topics: Apocrine Glands; Eccrine Glands; Exercise; Hot Temperature; Humans; Male; Sweat; Sweat Glands; Sweating; Young Adult
PubMed: 32408694
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103377 -
Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) Jun 2007Lessons from the sweat gland on cystic fibrosis (CF) began long before modern medicine became a science. In European folklore, the curse that "a child that taste salty... (Review)
Review
Lessons from the sweat gland on cystic fibrosis (CF) began long before modern medicine became a science. In European folklore, the curse that "a child that taste salty when kissed will soon die" (Alonso y de los Ruyzes de Fonteca J. Diez Previlegios para Mugeres Prenadas. Henares, Spain, 1606) has been taken by many as a direct reference to cystic fibrosis [Busch R. Acta Univ Carol Med (Praha) 36: 13-15, 1990]. The high salt concentration in sweat from patients with CF is now accepted as almost pathognomonic with this fatal genetic disease, but the earliest descriptions of cystic fibrosis as a disease entity did not mention sweat or sweat glands (Andersen DH. Am J Dis Child 56: 344-399, 1938; Andersen DH, Hodges RG. Am J Dis Child 72: 62-80, 1946). Nonetheless, defective sweating soon became an inseparable, and major, component of the constellation of symptoms that diagnose "cystic fibrosis" (Davis PB. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173: 475-482, 2006). The sweat gland has played a foremost role in diagnosing, defining pathophysiology, debunking misconceptions, and increasing our understanding of the effects of the disease on organs, tissues, cells, and molecules. The sweat gland has taught us much.
Topics: Cystic Fibrosis; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator; Humans; Sweat Glands
PubMed: 17557942
DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00041.2006